考研英语真题及答案完整版最新8篇
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考研英语真题答案 篇一
Section 1 Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as related as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which 4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.
The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than nal kinship of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.
The findings do not simply corroborate peoples 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
Section II Reading Comprehension
1、What
2、Concluded
3、On
4、Compared
5、Samples
6、Insignificant
7、Know
8、Resemble
9、Also
10、Perhaps
11、To
12、Drive
13、Ratherthan
14、Benefits
15、Faster
16、understand
17、Contributory
18、Tendency
19、Ethnic
20、see
Part A
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)
TEXT 1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insistedkings dont abdicate, they die in their sleep. But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above mere polities and embody a spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchys continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europes monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchys reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchys worst enemies.
考研英语真题及答案 篇二
Part C
Directions:
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Our translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET2. (10 points)
Is it true that the American intellectual is rejected and considered of no account in his society? I am going to suggest that it is not true. Father Bruckbergen told part of the story when he observed that it is the intellectuals who have rejected Americans. But they have done more than that. They have grown dissatisfied with the role of intellectual. It is they, not Americans, who have become anti-intellectual.
First, the object of our study pleads for definition. What is an intellectual? (46) I shall define him as an individual who has elected as his primary duty and pleasure in life the activity of thinking in Socratic(苏格拉底) way about moral problems .He explores such problem consciously, articulately, and frankly, first by asking factual questions, then by asking moral questions, finally by suggesting action which seems appropriate in the light of the factual and moral information which he has obtained. (47) His function is analogous to that of a judge, who must accept the obligation of revealing in as obvious a matter as possible the course of reasoning which led him to his decision.
This definition excludes many individuals usually referred to as intellectuals ―― the average scientist for one 48) I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. Like other human beings, he encounters moral issues even in everyday performance of his routine duties.―― he is not supposed to cook his experiments, manufacture evidence, or doctor his reports. (49) But his primary task is not to think about the moral code, which governs his activity, any more than a businessman is expected to dedicate his energies to an exploration of rules of conduct in business. During most of his walking life he will take his code for granted, as the businessman takes his ethics.
The definition also excludes the majority of factors, despite the fact that teaching has traditionally been the method whereby many intellectuals earn their living (50) They may teach very well and more than earn their salaries, but most of them make little or no independent reflections on human problems which involve moral judgment .This description even fits the majority eminent scholars .“Being learned in some branch of human knowledge in one thing, living in public and industrious thoughts,” as Emerson would say ,“is something else.”
Section III Writing
Part A
51. Directions:
You want to contribute to Project Hope by offering financial aid to a child in a remote area. Write a letter to the department concerned, asking them to help find a candidate. You should specify what kind of child you want to help and how you will carry out your plan.
Write your letter with no less than 100 words. Write it on ANSWER SHEET 2. Do not sign your name at the end of the letter; use Li Ming instead. You do not need to write the address. (10 points)
Part B
52. Directions:
Study the following photos carefully and write an essay of 160~200 words in which you should
1.describe the photos briefly,
2.interpret the social phenomenon reflected by them, and
3.give your point of view.
有两幅图片，图1 把崇拜写在脸上 图2 花300元做“小贝头”
注：Beckham 是英国足球明星
有两张照片，一张照片上有一位男士脸上写着足球明星的名字，另一张照片上有一个男子在理发，他要求理发师为他设计一个小贝克汉姆的发型。
考研英语真题及答案完整版 篇三
考研英语一真题及答案完整版
Section 1 Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark [A], [B], [C] or [D] on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)
Though not biologically related, friends are as “related” as fourth cousins, sharing about 1% of genes. That is 1 a study published from the University of California and Yale University in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, has 2 .
The study is a genome-wide analysis conducted 3 1932 unique subjects which chayi5.com 差异网…4 pairs of unrelated friends and unrelated strangers. The same people were used in both 5 .While 1% may seem 6 , it is not so to a geneticist. As James Fowler, professor of medical genetics at UC San Diego, says, “Most people do not even 7 their fourth cousins but somehow manage to select as friends the people who 8 our kin.”
The study 9 found that the genes for smell were something shared in friends but not genes for immunity. Why this similarity in olfactory genes is difficult to explain, for now. 10 Perhaps, as the team suggests, it draws us to similar environments but there is more 11 it. There could be many mechanisms working in tandem that 12 us in choosing genetically similar friends 13 than “functional kinship” of being friends with 14 !One of the remarkable findings of the study was that the similar genes seem to be evolving 15 than other genes. Studying this could help 16 why human evolution picked pace in the last 30,000 years, with social environment being a major 17 factor.
The findings do not simply corroborate people's 18 to befriend those of similar 19 backgrounds, say the researchers. Though all the subjects were drawn from a population of European extraction, care was taken to 20 that all subjects, friends and strangers were taken from the same population. The team also controlled the data to check ancestry of subjects.
Section II Reading Comprehension?
1、What
2、Concluded
3、On
4、Compared
5、Samples
6、Insignificant
7、Know
8、Resemble
9、Also
10、Perhaps
11、To
12、Drive
13、Ratherthan
14、Benefits
15、Faster
16、understand
17、Contributory
18、Tendency
19、Ethnic
20、see
Part A?
Directions:?
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing [A], [B], [C] or [D]. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)?
TEXT 1
King Juan Carlos of Spain once insisted“kings don't abdicate, they die in their sleep.” But embarrassing scandals and the popularity of the republicans left in the recent Euro-elections have forced him to eat his words and stand down. So, does the Spanish crisis suggest that monarchy is seeing its last days? Does that mean the writing is on the wall for all European royals, with their magnificent uniforms and majestic lifestyles?
The Spanish case provides arguments both for and against monarchy. When public opinion is particularly polarized, as it was following the end of the France regime, monarchs can rise above “mere” polities and “embody” a spirit of national unity.
It is this apparent transcendence of polities that explains monarchy's continuing popularity as heads of state. And so, the Middle East expected, Europe is the most monarch-infested region in the world, with 10 kingdoms (not counting Vatican City and Andorra). But unlike their absolutist counterparts in the Gulf and Asia, most royal families have survived because they allow voters to avoid the difficult search for a non-controversial but respected public figure.
Even so, kings and queens undoubtedly have a downside. Symbolic of national unity as they claim to be, their very history-and sometimes the way they behave today-embodies outdated and indefensible privileges and inequalities. At a time when Thomas Piketty and other economists are warming of rising inequality and the increasing power of inherited wealth, it is bizarre that wealthy aristocratic families should still be the symbolic heart of modern democratic states.
The most successful monarchies strive to abandon or hide their old aristocratic ways. Princes and princesses have day-jobs and ride bicycles, not horses (or helicopters). Even so, these are wealthy families who party with the international 1%, and media intrusiveness makes it increasingly difficult to maintain the right image.
While Europe's monarchies will no doubt be smart enough to survive for some time to come, it is the British royals who have most to fear from the Spanish example.
It is only the Queen who has preserved the monarchy's reputation with her rather ordinary (if well-heeled) granny style. The danger will come with Charles, who has both an expensive taste of lifestyle and a pretty hierarchical view of the world. He has failed to understand that monarchies have largely survived because they provide a service-as non-controversial and non-political heads of state. Charles ought to know that as English history shows, it is kings, not republicans, who are the monarchy's worst enemies.
21. According to the first two paragraphs, King Juan Carlos of Spain
[A]eased his relationship with his rivals.
[B]used to enjoy high public support.
[C]was unpopular among European royals.
[D]ended his reign in embarrassment.
22. Monarchs are kept as head of state in Europe mostly
[A]to give voters more public figures to look up to.
[B]to achieve a balance between tradition and reality.
[C]owing to their undoubted and respectable status.
[D]due to their everlasting political embodiment.
23. Which of the following is shown to be odd, according to Paragraph 4?
[A] The role of the nobility in modern democracies.
[B] Aristocrats' excessive reliance on inherited wealth.
[C] The simple lifestyle of the aristocratic families.
[D] The nobility's adherence to their privileges.
24. The British royals “have most to fear” because Charles
[A]takes a tough line on political issues.
[B]fails to change his lifestyle as advised.
[C]takes republicans as his potential allies.
[D]fails to adapt himself to his future role.
25. Which of the following is the best title of the text?
[A]Carlos, Glory and Disgrace Combined
[B]Charles, Anxious to Succeed to the Throne
[C]Charles, Slow to React to the Coming Threats
[D]Carlos, a Lesson for All European Monarchs
第21-25题答案
21.Dended his reign in embarrassment.
22. C owing to the undoubted and respectable status
23. A the role of the nobility in modern democracy
24. B fails to change his lifestyle as advised.
25. D Carlos, a lesson for all Monarchies
TEXT 2
Just how much does the Constitution protect your digital data? The Supreme Court will now consider whether police can search the contents of a mobile phone without a warrant if the phone is on or around a person during an arrest.
California has asked the justices to refrain from a sweeping ruling, particularly one that upsets the old assumptions that authorities may search through the possessions of suspects at the time of their arrest. It is hard, the state argues, for judges to assess the implications of new and rapidly changing technologies.
The court would be recklessly modest if it followed California's advice. Enough of the implications are discernable, even obvious, so that the justice can and should provide updated guidelines to police, lawyers and defendants.
They should start by discarding California's lame argument that exploring the contents of a smartphone- a vast storehouse of digital information is similar to say, going through a suspect's purse .The court has ruled that police don't violate the Fourth Amendment when they go through the wallet or pocketbook, of an arrestee without a warrant. But exploring one's smartphone is more like entering his or her home. A smartphone may contain an arrestee's reading history, financial history, medical history and comprehensive records of recent correspondence. The development of “cloud computing.” meanwhile, has made that exploration so much the easier.
But the justices should not swallow California's argument whole. New, disruptive technology sometimes demands novel applications of the Constitution's protections. Orin Kerr, a law professor, compares the explosion and accessibility of digital information in the 21st century with the establishment of automobile use as a digital necessity of life in the 20th: The justices had to specify novel rules for the new personal domain of the passenger car then; they must sort out how the Fourth Amendment applies to digital information now.
26. The Supreme court, will work out whether, during an arrest, it is legitimate to
[A] search for suspects' mobile phones without a warrant.
[B] check suspects' phone contents without being authorized.
[C] prevent suspects from deleting their phone contents.
[D] prohibit suspects from using their mobile phones.
27. The author's attitude toward California's argument is one of
[A] tolerance.
[B] indifference.
[C] disapproval.
[D] cautiousness.
28. The author believes that exploring one's phone content is comparable to
[A] getting into one's residence.
[B] handing one's historical records.
[C] scanning one's correspondences.
[D] going through one's wallet.
考研英语真题及答案 篇四
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions:
Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.(40 points)
Text 1
In spite of “endless talk of difference,” American society is an amazing machine for homogenizing people. This is “the democratizing uniformity of dress and discourse, and the casualness and absence of consumption ”launched by the 19th Ccentury department stores that offered #39;vast arrays of goods in an elegant atmosphere. Instead of intimate shops catering to a knowledgeable elite.“ these were stores ”anyone could enter, regardless of class or background. This turned shopping into a public and democratic act.“ The mass media, advertising and sports are other forces for homogenization.
Immigrants are quickly fitting into this common culture, which may not be altogether elevating but is hardly poisonous. Writing for the National Immigration Forum, Gregory Rodriguez reports that today#39;s immigration is neither at unprecedented level nor resistant to assimilation. In immigrants were 9.8 percent of population; in 1900, 13.6 percent. In the 10 years prior to 1990, 3.1 immigrants arrived for every 1,000 residents; in the 10 years prior to 1890, 9.2 for every 1,000. Now, consider three indices of assimilation――language, home ownership and intermarriage.
The 1990 Census revealed that “a majority of immigrants from each of the fifteen most common countries of origin spoke English ”well“ or ”very well“ after ten years of residence.” The children of immigrants tend to be bilingual and proficient in English. “By the third generation, the original language is lost in the majority of immigrant families.” Hence the description of America as a graveyard“ for language. By foreign-born immigrants who had arrive before 1970 had a home ownership rate of 75.6 percent, higher than the 69.8 percent rate among native-born Americans.
Foreign-born Asians and Hispanics “have higher rates of intermarriage than do U.S-born whites and blacks.” By the third generation, one third of Hispanic women are married to non-Hispanics, and 41 percent of Asian-American women are married to non-Asians.
Rodriguez not that children in remote villages around world are fans of superstars like Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks, yet “some Americans fear that immigrant living within the United States remain somehow immune to the nation#39;s assimilative power.”
Are there divisive issues and pockets of seething in America? Indeed. It is big enough to have a bit of everything. But particularly when viewed against America#39;s turbulent past, today#39;s social induces suggest a dark and deteriorating social environment.
21. The word “homogenizing” (Line 2, Paragraph 1) most probably means
A. identifying B. associating C. assimilating D. monopolizing
22. According to the author, the department stores of the 19th century
A.played a role in the spread of popular culture.
B.became intimate shops for common consumers.
C.satisfied the needs of a knowledgeable elite.
D.owed its emergence to the culture of consumption.
23. The text suggests that immigrants now in the U.S.
A.are resistant to homogenization.
B.exert a great influence on American culture.
C.are hardly a threat to the common culture.
D.constitute the majority of the population.
24. Why are Amold Schwarzenegger and Garth Brooks mentioned in Paragraph 5?
A. To prove their popularity around the world.
B. To reveal the public#39;s fear of immigrants.
C. To give examples of successful immigrants.
D. To show the powerful influence of American culture.
25. In the author#39;s opinion, the absorption of immigrants into American society is
A. rewardingB. successfulC. fruitlessD. harmful
考研英语真题及答案 篇五
Part A 完型填空答案
1 D:Furthermore
2 A:stand
3 C:with
4 A:raise
5 D:not
6 A:cover
7 B:although
8 C:increasing
9 A:predicts
10 A:assist
11 C even
12 A:lodging
13 C:crowding
14:D whereas
15 C survival
16 B:over
17:B:comprehensive
18 C:as
19 A:puts
20 D:coordination
Part A：阅读答案
Text1：21 C 22 A 23 C 24 D 25 A
Text3：31 A 32 D 33 C 34 D 35 B
Text4：36 D 37 B 38 D 39 C 40 D
Part C:
46．我会把知识分子定义为这样的人，他们把苏格拉底的方式来思考道德问题作为人生的主要责任和乐趣。
47．知识分子的作用类似于法官的作用，他们必须接受在导致其决定的如推理这样极为明显的过程中揭示真相的义务。
48．我之所以把普通科学家排除在外，是因为尽管科学家的成就可能促成道德问题的解决，然而一直以来科学家都未以解决道德中实际方面的问题为己任。
考研英语真题及答案 篇六
Section I Use of English
Directions:
Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,Cor D on ANSWER SHEET1.(10points)
The homeless make up a growing percentage of America#39;s population.__1__ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can#39;t possibly _____2____. To help homeless people _____3___ independence, the federal government must support job training programs,_____4_____ the minimum wage, and fund more low-cost housing._____5____everyone agrees on the numbers of Americans who are homeless. Estimates ____6__ anywhere from 600,000 to 3 million. _____7__ the figure may vary, analysts do agree on another matter: that the number of the homeless is_____8____, one of the federal government#39;s studies _____9__ that the number of the homeless will reach nearly 19 million by the end of this decade.
Finding ways to __10__ this growing homeless population has become increasingly difficult.___11__when homeless individuals manage to find a ___12__ that will give them three meals a day and a place to sleep at night, a good number still spend the bulk of each day__13__ the street, Part of the problem is that many homeless adults are addicted to alcohol or drugs. And a significant number of the homeless have serious mental disorders. Many others,____14____not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday __15__ skills need to turn their lives _____16__.Boston Globe reporter Chris Reidy notes that the situation will improve only when there are_17___programs that address the many needs of the homeless. _____18__ Edward Blotkowsk, director of community service at Bentley College in Massachusetts,___19__it. “There has to be _____20___of programs. What we need is a package deal.”
1.[A]Indeed [B]Likewise [C]Therefore [D]Furthermore
2.[A]stand [B]cope [C]approve [D]retain
3.[A]in [B]for [C]with [D]toward
4.[A]raise [B]add [C]take [D]keep
5.[A]generally [B]almost [C]hardly [D]not
6.[A]cover [B]change [C]range [D]differ
7.[A]Now that [B]Although [C]Provided [D]Except that
8.[A]inflating [B]expanding [C]increasing [D]extending
9.[A]predicts [B]displays [C]proves [D]discovers
10.[A]assist [B]track [C]sustain [D]dismiss
11.[A]Hence [B]But [C]Even [D]Only
12.[A]lodging [B]shelter [C]dwelling [D]house
13.[A]searching [B]strolling [C]crowding [D]wandering
14.[A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas
15.[A]life [B]existence [C]survival [D]maintenance
16.[A]around [B]over [C]on [D]up
17.[A]complex [B]comprehensive [C]complementary [D]compensating
18.[A]So [B]Since [C]As [D]Thus
19.[A]puts [B]interprets [C]assumes [D]makes
20.[A]supervision [B]manipulation [C]regulation [D]coordination
考研英语试题及参考答案 篇七
Section I Use of English
Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It1in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then2starts to slowly decline as we age. But3aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be.
One study found that muscle loss and the4of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the5that lifestyle factors might help prevent or6this type of decline.
The researchers looked at data that7measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4,000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and8that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people9higher measures of abdominal fat10worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years11.
For women, the association may be12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be13. It is hoped that future studies could14these differences and perhaps lead to different15for men and women.
16, there are steps you can17to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain lean muscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental18. The two highly recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your19of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style20that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.
1、 [A] pauses [B] returns [C] peaks [D] fades
2、 [A]alternatively [B]formally [C]accidentally [D] generally
3、 [A] while [B] since [C] once [D] until
4、 [A] detection [B] accumulation [C] consumption [D] separation
5、 [A] possibility [B] decision [C] goal [D] requirement
6、 [A] delay [B] ensure [C] seek [D] utilize
7、 [A] modified [B] supported [C] included [D] predicted
8、 [A] devoted [B] compared [C] converted [D] applied
9、 [A] with [B] above [C] by [D] against
10、 [A] lived [B] managed [C] scored [D] played
11、 [A] ran out [B] set off [C] drew in [D] went by
12、 [A] superior [B] attributable [C] parallel [D] resistant
13、 [A] restored [B] isolated [C] involved [D] controlled
14、 [A] alter [B] spread [C] remove [D] explain
15、 [A] compensations [B] symptoms [C] demands [D] treatments
16、 [A] Likewise [B] Meanwhile [C] Therefore [D] Instead
17、 [A] change [B] watch [C] count [D] take
18、 [A] well-being [B] process [C] formation [D] coordination
19、 [A] level [B] love [C] knowledge [D] space
20、 [A] design [B] routine [C] diet [D] prescription
Section II Reading Comprehension
Part A
-Text 1-
How can the train operators possibly justify yet another increase to rail passenger fares? It has become a grimly reliable annual ritual: every January the cost of travelling by train rises, imposing a significant extra burden on those who have no option but to use the rail network to get to work or otherwise. This year’s rise, an average of 2.7 percent, may be a fraction lower than last year’s, but it is still well above the official Consumer Price Index (CPI) measure of inflation.
Successive governments have permitted such increases on the grounds that the cost of investing in and running the rail network should be borne by those who use it, rather than the general taxpayer. Why, the argument goes, should a car-driving pensioner from Lincolnshire have to subsidise the daily commute of a stockbroker from Surrey? Equally, there is a sense that the travails of commuters in the South East, many of whom will face among the biggest rises, have received too much attention compared to those who must endure the relatively poor infrastructure of the Midlands and the North.
However, over the past 12 months, those commuters have also experienced some of the worst rail strikes in years. It is all very well train operators trumpeting the improvements they are making to the network, but passengers should be able to expect a basic level of service for the substantial sums they are now paying to travel. The responsibility for the latest wave of strikes rests on the unions. However, there is a strong case that those who have been worst affected by industrial action should receive compensation for the disruption they have suffered.
The Government has pledged to change the law to introduce a minimum service requirement so that, even when strikes occur, services can continue to operate. This should form part of a wider package of measures to address the long-running problems on Britain’s railways. Yes, more investment is needed, but passengers will not be willing to pay more indefinitely if they must also endure cramped, unreliable services, punctuated by regular chaos when timetables are changed, or planned maintenance is managed incompetently. The threat of nationalisation may have been seen off for now, but it will return with a vengeance if the justified anger of passengers is not addressed in short order.
21、 The author holds that this year’s increase in rail passengers fares ______.
A. will ease train operators’ burden
B. has kept pace with inflation
C. is a big surprise to commuters
D. remains an unreasonable measure
22、 The stockbroker in Paragraph 2 is used to stand for ______.
A. car drivers
B. rail travelers
C. local investors
D. ordinary taxpayers
23、 It is indicated in Paragraph 3 that train operators ______.
A. are offering compensation to commuters
B. are trying to repair relations with the unions
C. have failed to provide an adequate service
D. have suffered huge losses owing to the strikes
24、 If unable to calm down passengers, the railways may have to face ______.
A. the loss of investment
B. the collapse of operations
C. a reduction of revenue
D. a change of ownership
25、 Which of the following would be the best title for the text?
A. Who Are to Blame for the Strikes?
B. Constant Complaining Doesn’t Work
C. Can Nationalisation Bring Hope?
D. Ever-Rising Fares Aren’t Sustainable
-Text 2-
Last year marked the third year in a row of when Indonesia’s bleak rate of deforestation has slowed in pace. One reason for the turnaround may be the country’s antipoverty program. In 2007, Indonesia started phasing in a program that gives money to its poorest residents under certain conditions, such as requiring people to keep kids in school or get regular medical care. Called conditional cash transfers or CCTs, these social assistance programs are designed to reduce inequality and break the cycle of poverty. They’re already used in dozens of countries worldwide. In Indonesia, the program has provided enough food and medicine to substantially reduce severe growth problems among children.
But CCT programs don’t generally consider effects on the environment. In fact, poverty alleviation and environmental protection are often viewed as conflicting goals, says Paul Ferraro, an economist at Johns Hopkins University.
That’s because economic growth can be correlated with environmental degradation, while protecting the environment is sometimes correlated with greater poverty. However, those correlations don’t prove cause and effect. The only previous study analyzing causality, based on an area in Mexico that had instituted CCTs, supported the traditional view. There, as people got more money, some of them may have more cleared land for cattle to raise for meat, Ferraro says.
Such programs do not have to negatively affect the environment, though. Ferraro wanted to see if Indonesia’s poverty-alleviation program was affecting deforestation. Indonesia has the third-largest area of tropical forest in the world and one of the highest deforestation rates. Ferraro analyzed satellite data showing annual forest loss from 2008 to 2012—including during Indonesia’s phase-in of the antipoverty program—in 7,468 forested villages across 15 provinces and multiple islands. Ferraro separated the effects of the CCT program on forest loss from other factors, like weather and macroeconomic changes, which were also affecting forest loss. With that, “we see that the program is associated with a 30 percent reduction in deforestation,” Ferraro says.
That’s likely because the rural poor are using the money as makeshift insurance policies against inclement weather, Ferraro says. Typically, if rains are delayed, people may clear land to plant more rice to supplement their harvests. With the CCTs, individuals instead can use the money to supplement their harvests.
Whether this research translates elsewhere is anybody’s guess. Ferraro suggests their results may transfer to other parts of Asia, due to commonalities such as the importance of growing rice and market access. And regardless of transferability, the study shows that what’s good for people may also be good for the environment, Ferraro says. Even if this program didn’t reduce poverty, he says, “The value of the avoided deforestation just for carbon dioxide emissions alone is more than the program costs.”
26、 According to the first two paragraphs, CCT programs aim to ______.
A. facilitate health care reform
B. help poor families get better off
C. improve local education systems
D. lower deforestation rates
27、 The study based on an area in Mexico is cited to show that ______.
A. cattle rearing has been a major means of livelihood for the poor
B. CCT programs have helped preserve traditional lifestyles
C. antipoverty efforts require the participation of local farmers
D. economic growth tends to cause environmental degradation
28、 In his study about Indonesia, Ferraro intends to find out ______.
A. its acceptance level of CCTs
B. its annual rate of poverty alleviation
C. the relation of CCTs to its forest loss
D. the role of its forests in climate change
29、 According to Ferraro, the CCT program in Indonesia is most valuable in that______.
A. it will benefit other Asian countries
B. it will reduce regional inequality
C. it can protect the environment
D. it can boost grain production
30、 What is the text centered on?
A. The effects of a program.
B. The debates over a program.
C. The process of a study.
D. The transferability of a study.
-Text 3-
As a historian who’s always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate the past, I’ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestors smiling （what better way to shatter the image of 19th-century prudery?）。 I’ve found quite a few, and—since I started posting them on Twitter—they have been causing quite a stir. People have been surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh. They are noting that the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or-so years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.
Of course, I need to concede that my collection of ‘Smiling Victorians’ makes up only a tiny percentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, 。.。 How do we explain this trend?
During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silvered copper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shifted position or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed its magical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.
But exposure times were much quicker by the 1880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today’s digital standards, the exposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the 1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.
One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. “Nature gave us lips to conceal our teeth,” ran one popular Victorian saying, alluding to the fact that before the birth of proper dentistry, mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set of healthy and clean, regular ‘pearly whites’ was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super-rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed)。
A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened teeth) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gum and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carroll’s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even Mark Twain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be “nothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever”。
31、 According to Paragraph 1, the author’s posts on Twitter ______.
A. changed people’s impression of the Victorians
B. highlighted social media’s role in Victorian studies
C. re-evaluated the Victorians’ notion of public image
D. illustrated the development of Victorian photography
32、 What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?
A. They are in popular use among historians.
B. They are rare among photographs of that age.
C. They mirror 19th-century social conventions.
D. They show effects of different exposure times.
33、 What might have kept the Victorians from smiling for pictures in the 1890s?
A. Their inherent social sensitiveness.
B. Their tension before the camera.
C. Their distrust of new inventions.
D. Their unhealthy dental condition.
34、 Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures was ______.
A. a deep-root belief
B. a misguided attitude
C. a controversial view
D. a thought-provoking idea
35、 Which of the following questions does the text answer?
A. Why did most Victorians look stern in photographs?
B. When did the Victorians start to view photographs?
C. What made photography develop slowly in the Victorian period?
D. How did smiling in photographs become a post-Victorian norm?
-Text 4-
From the early days of broadband, advocates for consumers and web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband internet connections had the power and incentive to favor their own or their partners’ websites and services over those of their rivals. That’s why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation that have been the lifeblood of the internet.
Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fill—in part because of pushback from broadband providers, anti-regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court weighed in again Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution, it only prolonged the fight. At issue before the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit was the latest take of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) on net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The Republican-penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules the FCC had adopted when it had a Democratic majority in 2015, but rejected the commission’s authority to require broadband providers to do much of anything beyond disclosing information about their services. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn’t regulate broadband providers either.
The commission argued that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglomerate like AT&T favoring its own video-streaming service at the expense of Netflix and Apple TV. Yet the FCC also ended the investigations of broadband providers that imposed data caps on their rivals’ streaming services but not their own.
On Tuesday, the appeals court unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband providers, citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulatory move. But Judge Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that “the result is unhinged from the realities of modern broadband service,” and said Congress or the Supreme Court could intervene to “avoid trapping internet regulation in technological anachronism.”
In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC’s attempt to block all state rules on net neutrality, while preserving the commission’s power to preempt individual state laws that undermine its order. That means more battles like the one now going on between the Justice Department and California, which enacted a tough net neutrality law in the wake of the FCC’s abdication.
The endless legal battles and back-and-forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needs to give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers from meddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.
36、 There has long been concern that broadband providers would ______.
A. bring web-based firms under control
B. slow down the traffic on their network
C. show partiality in treating clients
D. intensify competition with their rivals
37、 Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCC ______.
A. sticks to an out-of-date order
B. takes an anti-regulatory stance
C. has issued a special resolution
D. has allowed the states to intervene
38、 What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?
A. It protects against unfair competition.
B. It engages in anti-competitive practices.
C. It is under the FCC’s investigation.
D. It is in pursuit of quality service.
39、 Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court’s decision ______.
A. focuses on trivialities
B. conveys an ambiguous message
C. is at odds with its earlier rulings
D. is out of touch with reality
40、 What does the author argue in the last paragraph?
A. Congress needs to take action to ensure net neutrality.
B. The FCC should be put under strict supervision.
C. Rules need to be set to diversify online services.
D. Broadband providers’ rights should be protected.
Part B
In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence is typically depicted as something sinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it in relation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companies and the larger economy that don’t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?
A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Services found that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than in automating human activities. One common application? Preventing electronic security breaches, which, rather than eliminating IT jobs, actually makes those personnel more valuable to employers, because they help firms prevent hacking attempts.
Here are a few other ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:
Better hiring practices
Companies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias from hiring decisions. “There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews are much more biased than what AI does,” says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, (41) ______________One company that’s doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring process.
More effective marketing
Some AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase open rates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10 percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42) _______________ These are “tools that help people use data, not a replacement for people,” says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.
Saving customers money
Energy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bills, saving them money while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cut down on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AI models that more accurately access risk. Domingos says, “(43) _____________”
Improved accuracy
“Machine learning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data more valuable,” says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions.” (44)_______________
Protecting and maintaining infrastructure
A number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. “If they fail first and then you fix them, it’s very expensive,” says Domingos. “(45) _______________”
[A] AI replaces the boring parts. If you’re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn’t have time for.
[B] One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate.
[C] There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will be most effective yield best results.
[D] You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it’s useful for employees to go to.
[E] “Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much”， say Dominguos，“or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money. ”
[F]We’re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.
[G] AI looks at résumés in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.
Part C
WWII was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies. (46)Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growing demand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with more than a secondary school education. (47)And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems of higher education, beginning in the 1960s and developing very rapidly though unevenly in the 1970s and 1980s.
The growth of higher education manifests itself in at least three quite different ways, and these in turn have given rise to different sets of problems. There was first the rate of growth: (48)in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s. Second, growth obviously affected the absolute size both of systems and individual institutions. And third, growth was reflected in changes in the proportion of the relevant age group enrolled in institutions of higher education.
Each of these manifestations of growth carried its own peculiar problems in its wake. For example, a high growth rate placed great strains on the existing structures of governance, of administration, and above all of socialization. When a faculty or department grows from, say, five to 20 members within three or four years, (49)and when the new staff are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.And if the postgraduate student population also grows rapidly and there is loss of a close apprenticeship relationship between faculty members and students, the student culture becomes the chief socializing force for new postgraduate students, with consequences for the intellectual and academic life of the institution—this was seen in America as well as in France, Italy, West Germany, and Japan. (50)High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.In the 1960s and 1970s, European universities saw marked changes in their governance arrangements, with the empowerment of junior faculty and to some degree of students as well.
46、 Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constant at 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war.
47、 And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war.
48、 in many countries of Western Europe, the numbers of students in higher education doubled within five-year periods during the 1960s and doubled again in seven, eight, or 10 years by the middle of the 1970s.
49、 …and when the new staffs are predominantly young men and women fresh from postgraduate study, they largely define the norms of academic life in that faculty.
50、 High growth rates increased the chances for academic innovation; they also weakened the forms and processes by which teachers and students are admitted into a community of scholars during periods of stability or slow growth.
Section III Writing
Part A
51、 Directions:
A foreign friend of yours has recently graduated from college and intends to find a job in China. Write him/her an email to make some suggestions.
You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.
DO not use your own name in the email. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)
Part B
52、 Directions:
Write an essay of 160-200 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should
1) describe the picture briefly,
2) interpret the implied meaning, and
3) give your comments.
Write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points)
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考研英语试题及参考答案 篇八
1.The board deemed it urgent that these files ____ right away.
A. had to be printed B. should have been printed
C. must be printed D. should be printed
2、 The local health organization is reported ____ twenty-five years ago when Dr. Audon became its first president.
A. to be set up B. being set up
C. to have been set up D. having been set up
3、 The school board listened quietly as John read the demands that his followers _____ for.
A. be demonstrating B. demonstrate
C. had been demonstrating D. have demonstrated
4、 Ted had told me that he always escapes ____ as he has got a very fast sport car.
A. to fine B. to be fined
C. being fined D. having been fined
5、 More than one third of the Chinese in the United States live in California, _____ in San Francisco.
A. previously B. predominantly
C. practically D. permanently
6、 Prof. Lees book will show you ___ can be used in other contexts.
A. that you have observed B. that how you have observed
C. how that you have observed D. how what you have obs4erved
7、 All fights ______ because of the snowstorm, we decided to take the train.
A. were canceled B. had been canceled
C. having canceled D. having been canceled
8、 The new secretary has written a remarkably ____ report only in a few pages but with all the details.
A. concise B. clear C. precise D. elaborate
9、 With prices ___ so much, it hard for the company to plan a budget.
A. fluctuating B. waving C. swinging D. vibrating
10、 Expert say walking is one of the best ways for a person to ___ healthy.
A. preserve B. stay C. maintain D. reserve
11、 Expected noises are usually more ___ than unexpected ones of the like magnitude.
A. manageable B. controllable C. tolerable D. perceivable
12、 It isnt so much whether he works hard; the question is whether he works ___.
A. above all B. in all C. at all D. after all
13、 There is an incorrect assumption among scientists and medical people that everyone agrees ___ what constitutes a benefit to an individual.
A. on B. with C. to D. in
14、 All the information we have collected in relation to that case ______ very little.
A. makes up for B. adds up to C. comes up with D. puts up with
15、 A really powerful speaker can ____ the feelings of the audience to the fever of excitement.
A. work out B. work over C. work at D. work up
16、 Before the students set off, they spent much time setting a limit ____ the expenses of the trip.
A. to B. about C. in D. for
17、 According to the psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud, wisdom comes form the ______ of maturity.
A. fulfillment B. achievement C. establishment D. accomplishment
18、 From the tears in Nedras eyes we can deduce that something sad ____.
A. must have occurred B. would have occurred
C. might be occurring D. should occur
19、 You can arrive in Beijing earlier for the meeting ____ you don;t mind taking the night train.
A. provided B. unless C. though D. until
20、 Hardly a month goes by without ___ of another survey revealing new depths of scientific among U.S. citizens.
A. words B. a word C. the word D. word
21、 If you ____ Jerry Brown until recently, you;d think the photograph on the right was strange.
A. shouldn;t contact B. didn;t contact
C. weren;t to contact D. hadn;t contacted
22、 Some teenagers harbor a generalized resentment against society, which ____ them the rights and privileges of adults, although physically they are mature.
A. deprives B. restricts C. rejects D. denies
23、 I must go now. ___ ， if you want that book I;ll bring it next time.
A. Incidentally B. Accidentally C. Occasionally D. Subsequently
24、 There is no reason they should limit how much vitamin you take, _____ they can limit how much water you drink.
A. much more than B. no more than C. no less than D. any more than
25、 Though ___ in San Francisco, Dave Mitchell had always preferred to record ， the plain facts of small-town life.
A. raised B. grown C. developed D. cultivated
26、 Most electronic devices of this kind, ____ manufactured for such purposes ， are tightly packed.
A. that are B. as are C. which is D. it is
27、 As for the winter, it is inconvenient to be cold, with most of ___ furnace fuel is allowed saved for the dawn.
A. what B. that C. which D. such
28、 Achieving a high degree of proficiency in English as a foreign language is not a mysterious ____ without scientific basic.
A. process B. practice C. procedure D. program
29、 We cannot always ____ the wind, so new windmills should be so designed that they can also be driven by water.
A. hang on B. count on C, hold on D. come on
30、 The storm sweeping over this area now is sure to cause ____ of vegetables in the coming days.
A. rarity B. scarcity C. invalidity D. variety
Ⅱ。 Each of the passages below is followed by some quetions. For each question there are four answers marked A,B,C, and D. Read the passages carefully and choose the answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets. (30 points) Is language, like food, a basic human need without which a child at a critical period of life can be starved and damaged? Judging from the drastic experiment of Frederick Ⅱ in the thir- teenth century, it may be. Hoping to discover what language a child would speak if he heard no mother tongue, he told the nurses to keep silent.
All the infants died before the first year. But clearly there was more than lack of language here. What was missing was good mothering. Without good mothering, in the first year of life especially, the capacity to survive is seriously affected.
Today no such severe lack exists as that ordered by Frederick. Nevertheless, some children are still backward in speaking. Most often the reason for this is that the mother is insensitive to the signals of the infant, whose brain is programmed to learn language rapidly. If these sensitive periods are neglected ， the ideal time for acquiring skills passes and they might never be learned so easily again. A bird learns to sing and to fly rapidly at the right time, but the process is slow and hard once the critical stage has passed.
Experts suggest that speech stages are reached in a fixed sequence and at a constant age, but there are cases where speech has started late in a child who eventuaLly turns out to be of high IQ.
At twelve weeks a baby smiles and makes vowel-like sounds; at twelve months he can speak sim- ple words and understand simple commands; at eighteen months he has a vocabulary of three to fifty words. At three he knows about l ，000 words which he can put into sentences, and at four his language differs from that of his parents in style rather than grammar.
Recent evidence suggests that an infant is born with the capacity to speak. What is special about mans brain, compared with that of the monkey, if the complex system which enables a child to connect the sight and feel of, say, a toy-bear with the sound pattem "toy-bear" 。 And even more incredible is the young brain; s ability to pick out an order in language from the mixture of sound around him, to analyse, to combine and recombine the parts of a language in new ways. But speech has to be induced, and this depends on interaction between the mother and the child ， where the mother recognizes the signals in the child; s babbling （ 咿呀学语） ， grasping and smiling, and responds to them. Insensitivity of the mother to these signals dulls the interaction because the child gets discouraged and sends out only the obvious signals. Sensitivity to the child ； s non-verbal signals is essential to the growth and development of language.
31 。 The purpose of Frederick IIs experiment was__
A. to prove that children are born with the ability to speak
B. to discover what language a child would speak without hearing any human speech
C. to find out what role careful nursing would play in teaching a child to speak
D. to prove that a child could be damaged without learning a language
32、 The reason some children are backward in speaking is most probably that__
A. they are incapable of learning language rapidly
B. they are exposed to too much language at once
C. their mothers respond inadequately to their attempts to speak
D. their mothers are not intelligent enough to help them
33 。 What is exceptionally remarkable about a child is that
A. he is born with the capacity to speak
B. he has a brain more complex than an animals
C. he can produce his own sentences
D. he owes his speech ability to good nursing
34、 Which of the fonowing can NOT be inferred from the passage?
A. The faculty of speech is inborn in man.
B. Encouragement is anything but essential to a child in language learning.
C. The child; s brain is highly selective.
D. Most children learn their language in definite stages.
35、 If a child starts to speak later than others, he will
A. have a high IQ
B. be less intelligent
C. be insensitive to verbal signals
D. not necessarily be backward
In general ， our society is becoming one of giant enterprises directed by a bureaucratic （ 官僚主义的）management in which man becomes a small ， well-oiled cog in the machinery. The oilingis done with higher wages, well-ventilated factories and piped music, and by psychologists and"human-relations" experts; yet all this oiling does not alter the fact that man has become power-less, that he does not wholeheartedly participate in his work and that he is bored with it. In fact ，the blue-and the white-collar workers have become economic puppets who dance to the tune of au-tomated machines and bureaucratic management 。
The worker and employee are anxious, not only because they might find themselves out of a
job; they are anxious also because they are unable to acquire any real satisfaction or interest in life. They live and die without ever having confronted the fundamental realities of human exis- tence as emotionally and intellectually independent and productive human beings.
Those higher up on the social ladder are no less anxious. Their lives are no less empty than those of their subordinates. They are even more insecure in some respects. They are in a highly competitive race. To be promoted or to fall behind is not a matter of salary but even more a matterof self-respect. When they apply for their first job, they are tested for intelligence as well as forthe tight mixture of submissiveness and independence. From that moment on they are tested a-gain and again-by the psychologists, for whom testing is a big business, and by their superiors,who judge their behavior, sociability, capacity to get along ， etc. This constant need to prove that one is as good as or better than one; s fellow-competitor creates constant anxiety and stress, the very causes of unhappiness and illness.Am I suggesting that we should return to the preindustrial mode of production;or to nine- teenth-century "free enterprise" capitalism? Certainly not. Problems are never solved by returning to a stage which one has already outgrown. I suggest transforming our social system from a bu- reaucratically managed industrialism in which maximal production and consumption are ends in themselves into a humanist industrialism in which man and full development of his potentialities- those of love and of reason-are the aims of all social arrangements. Production and consumption should serve only as means to this end, and should be prevented from ruling man.
36、 By "a well-oiled cog in the machinery" the author intends to render the idea that man is
A. a necessary part of the society though each individual sfunction is negligible
B. working in complete harmony with the rest of the society
C. an unimportant part in comparison with the rest of the society, though functioningsmoothly
D. a humble component of the society, especially when working smoothly
37 。 The real cause of the anxiety of the workers and employees is that
A. they are likely to lose their jobs
B. they have no genuine satisfaction or interest in life
C. they are faced with the fundamental realities of human existence
D. they are deprtved of their individuality and independence
38、 From the passage we can infer that real happiness of life belongs to those
A. who are at the bottom of the society
B. who are higher up in their social status
C. who prove better than their fellow-competitors
D. who could keep far away from this competitive world
39、 To solve the present social problems the author suggests that we should
A. resort to the production mode of our ancestors
B. offer higher wages to the workers and employees
C. enable man to fully develop his potentialities
D. take the fundamental realities for granted
40 。 The authors attitude towards industrialism might best be summarized as one of __
A. approval B. dissatisfaction
C. suspicion D. tolerance
When an invention is made, the inventor has three possible courses of action open to him: he can give the invention to the world by publishing it, keep the idea secret, or patent it.
A granted patent is the result of a bargain struck between an inventor and the state, by which the inventor gets a limited period of monopoly and publishes full details of his in-vention to the public after that period terminates.
Only in the most exceptional circumstances is the lifespan of a patent extended to alter this normal process of events.
The longest extension ever granted was to Georges Valensi; his 1939 patent for color TV receiver circuitry was extended until 1971 because for most of the patent; s normal life there was no colour TV to receive and thus no hope of reward for the invention.
Because a patent remains permanently public after it has terminated, the shelves of the li-brary attached to the patent office contain details of literally millions of ideas that are free for any-one to use and ， if older than half a century, sometimes even re-patent. Indeed, patent experts of- ten advise anyone wishing to avoid the high cost of conducting a search through live patents thatthe one sure way of avoiding violation of any other inventor; s right is to plagiarize a dead patent.
Likewise ， because publication of an idea in any other form permanently invalidates further patents on that idea, it is traditionally safe to take ideas from other areas of print. Much modern techno-
logical advance is based on these presumptions of legal security.
Anyone closely involved in patents and inventions soon learns that most "new" ideas are, in fact, as old as the hills. It is their reduction to commercial practice, either through necessity or dedication ， or through the availability of new technology, that makes news and money. The basic patent for the theory of magnetic recording dates back to 1886. Many of the original ideas behind television originate from the late 19th and early 20th century. Even the Volkswagen rear engine car was anticipated by a 1904 patent for a cart with the horse at the rear.
4t 。 The passage is mainly about
A. an approach to patents B. the application for patents
C. the use of patents D. the access to patents
42、 Which of the following is TRUE acoording to the passage?
A. When a patent becomes out of effect, it can be re-patented or extended if necessary.
B. It is necessary for an inventor to apply for a patent before he makes his invention public.
C. A patent holder must publicize the details of his invention when its legaL period is over.
D. One can get all the details of a patented invention from a library attached to the patent of-fice 。
43 。 George Valensis patent lasted until 1971 because
A. nobody would offer any reward for his patent prior to that time
B. his patent could not be put to use for an unusually long time
C. there were not enough TV stations to provide colour programmes
D. the colour TV receiver was not available until that time
44、 The word "plagiarize" (line 8 ， Para. 5) most probably means "_"
A. steal and use B. give reward to
C. make public D. take and change
45、 From the passage we learn that
A. an invention will not benefit the inventor unless it is reduced to commercial practice
B. products are actually inventions which were made a long time ago
C. it is much cheaper to buy an old patent than a new one
D. patent experts often recommend patents to others by conducting a search through dead patents
Ⅲ。 For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked A, B, C,and D. Choose the best one and mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET by blackeningthe corresponding letter in the brackets. （ 15 points）Although interior design has existed since the beginning of architecture ， its development into a specialized field is really quite recent. Interior designers have become important partly because ofthe many functions that might be （46) in a single large building.The importance of interior design becomes (47) when we realize how much time we (48)surrounded by four walls. Whenever we need to be indoors, we want our surroundings to be （ 49） attractive and comfortable as possible. We also expect (50 ） place to be appropri- ate to its use. You would be （51 ） if the inside of your bedroom were suddenLy changed tolook （52) the inside of a restaurant. And you wouldn; t feel (53 ） in a business office that has the appearance of a school.
It soon becomes clear that the interior designer; s most important basic （54) 。 is the func- tion of the particular (55 ） 。 For example ， a theater with poor sight lines, poor sound-shaping aualitles ， and (56) few entries and exits will not work for （ 57） purpose ， no matter how beautifully it might be （ 58） 。 Nevertheless, (59) for any kind of space, lighting and decoration ofeverything from ceiling to floor. (60) addition, the designer must usually select furniture or design built-in furniture ， according to the functions that need to be served.
46、 A. consisted B. contained C. composed D. comprised
47、 A. obscure B. attractive C. appropriate D. evident
48、 A. spend B. require C. settle D. retain
49、 A. so B. as C. thus D. such
50、 A. some B. any C. this D. each
51 。 A. amused B. interested C. shocked D. frightened
52、 A. like B. for C. at D. into
53、 A. correct B. proper C. right D. suitable
54、 A. care B. concern C. attention D. intention
55、 A. circumstance B. environment C. surroundings D. space
56、 A. too B. quite C. a D. far
57、 A. their B. its C. those D. that
58、 A. painted B. covered C. ornamented D. decorated
59 。 A. solutions B. conclusions C. decisions D. determinations
60、 A. For B. In C. As D. With
参考答案：
Ⅰ。 l. D 2. C 3. C 4. C 5. B
6、 D 7. D 8. A 9. A 10. B
11、 C 12. C 13. A 14. B 15. D
16、 A ； 17. B 18. A 19. A 20. D
21、 D 22. D 23. A 24. D 25. A
26、 B 27. A 28. A 29. B 30. B
Ⅱ。 31. B 32. C 33. C 34. B 35. D
36、 C 37. D 38. D 39. C 40. B
41、 D 42. C 43. B 44. A 45. A
Ⅲ。 46. B 47. D 48. A 49. B 50. D
51、 C 52. A 53. C. 54. B 55. D
56、 A 57. B 58. D 59. C. 60. B
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